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If you’re an active adult over 40 struggling with chronic ACL or MCL knee pain, you’re not alone. Many people feel frustrated when months of rest and rehab exercises still leave them hurting. You might have thought surgery or standard physiotherapy would be the end of your pain, yet your knee still aches or feels weak. It’s disheartening when you do everything right in rehab and your ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) or MCL (medial collateral ligament) injury still causes trouble. Shockwave therapy could be the game-changer you’ve been looking for. This non-surgical knee pain treatment uses acoustic waves to stimulate healing in the tissues. In this article, we’ll explore why some ligament injuries become chronic, and how shockwave
therapy may succeed where conventional rehab didn’t. (Remember: results may vary; always consult a healthcare provider.)
What are the ACL and MCL? The ACL and MCL are key ligaments that stabilize your knee. The ACL, deep inside the knee, prevents the shinbone from sliding forward, while the MCL, on the inner knee, prevents the joint from buckling inward. When you tear or strain these ligaments (often from sports or sudden twists), it’s a serious injury. Initial treatment may involve rest, bracing, physiotherapy, or even reconstructive surgery for a full ACL tear. Yet even after standard care, pain can linger for months.
Why does pain persist beyond 3 months? Ligaments have a limited blood supply, so they heal slowly. After the acute phase, you might develop scar tissue or areas of poor circulation around the injury. This can lead to stiffness and pain that just won’t quit. If your biomechanics (how you move) haven’t been fully corrected, your knee may be overloaded by subtle issues in your hips, ankles, or muscles. Overuse of the injured knee before it’s fully strong can set back healing. In some cases, the ligament never regains full strength, leading to chronic inflammation or even early arthritis. (In fact, research shows that around 50% of people develop knee osteoarthritis within 10–20 years after an ACL injury, even if it was treated.) It’s no wonder many people over 40 feel like their knee never came “back to normal” despite diligent rehab.
Common frustrations after standard care: Perhaps you’ve tried it all – weeks of physiotherapy, home exercises, ice and heat, painkillers, maybe cortisone injections – yet your knee still throbs whenever you hike or climb stairs. It’s frustrating when rest or anti-inflammatories give only temporary relief. Some patients even undergo ACL reconstruction surgery, only to find that months later the knee remains swollen or painful. Typical rehab focuses on strengthening muscles and restoring range of motion, which is essential, but it might not address underlying biological factors like scar tissue adhesions or poor tissue healing. This is where shockwave therapy comes in as a novel approach. It targets the biological healing of tissues, not just the mechanics, potentially helping when conventional therapies plateau.
Shockwave therapy, also known as Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT), is an evidence-based treatment originally used for breaking up kidney stones. Now, it’s widely used for chronic musculoskeletal conditions. High-quality studies have explored shockwave therapy for knee-related pain – including ligament injuries and tendinopathies – with promising results:
Stimulates Healing: Shockwaves deliver high-energy sound waves into damaged tissues. This triggers the body’s repair mechanisms. Studies show ESWT increases local blood flow and new blood vessel formation (angiogenesis), helping tissues that normally have poor circulation. It also stimulates cells to produce growth factors and collagen, promoting regeneration of tendon, muscle, and bone tissue. In simple terms, shockwave therapy “wakes up” the healing process in stubborn, chronically injured tissue.
Reduces Pain: Many patients feel pain relief after shockwave therapy. One reason is that the pulses can overwhelm nerve endings and reduce pain signal transmission (an analgesic effect). Shockwaves may also reduce neurogenic inflammation by altering substance P levels (a pain-signaling chemical) and by “resetting” overactive pain nerves. In a multicenter randomized controlled trial on chronic knee pain, shockwave-treated patients had significantly less pain and stiffness and better function than those who got sham treatment – with no serious side effects reported.
Breaks Down Scar Tissue & Calcium Deposits: Shockwave’s mechanical pulses can help break up adhesions and calcifications. For example, if you have scar tissue from an old ACL surgery or calcium buildup from chronic tendinitis, the shockwaves can disrupt these abnormal tissues. This leads to improved flexibility and range of motion. One case report documented a 60-year-old man with a year-old MCL injury (medial collateral ligament sprain) who still had knee pain. After 4 weekly sessions of focused shockwave (guided by ultrasound), his pain dropped from 6/10 to 0, and ultrasound imaging showed new tissue healing in the ligament and reduced thickening (scar) at the injury site. Four months later, he was still pain-free with a stable knee – indicating the ligament had truly healed.
Improves Function and Recovery: For ACL injuries specifically, research is encouraging. A 2023 clinical study looked at people who had ACL reconstruction surgery. One group received focused shockwave therapy to the knee starting about a month after surgery (three sessions, one week apart), while a control group did not. The shockwave group had faster return-to-sport times and better knee scores (like Lysholm and IKDC scales) during 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. MRI scans showed their ACL grafts matured more fully, indicating better healing integrationmdpi.com. In other words, adding shockwave helped them get back to running and pivoting sports sooner, with stronger healing of the new ligament. The researchers concluded that ESWT is a cost-effective, safe treatment with no relevant side effects noted. While more research is needed (especially long-term), these results suggest shockwave therapy can enhance ligament healing after surgery.
Realistic outcomes: It’s important to have realistic expectations. Shockwave therapy is not an overnight magic cure – but it can accelerate what your body is trying to do on its own. Typically, a course of shockwave therapy for a chronic knee issue involves a series of sessions (often once a week for about 3–6 weeks). Many patients report some improvement even after 1–2 sessions (for example, a bit less pain or easier movement), but more sustained tissue healing usually occurs over several weeks as the physiological changes take effect. Research in knee osteoarthritis (a common outcome of old ACL injuries) has found that shockwave can improve pain and walking ability and even reduce inflammatory markers in the joint over a few months. So, while shockwave therapy isn’t a guaranteed “cure” for everyone, evidence indicates it can significantly tip the odds in your favor by creating a more favorable healing environment in the knee.
At Unpain Clinic, we specialize in shockwave therapy – and we’ve seen firsthand how it can help individuals with chronic ACL or MCL issues regain their active lives. How do we use shockwave for knee pain? First, we don’t treat your knee in isolation. Our team (led by clinicians like Uran Berisha, BSc PT, RMT – a shockwave therapy expert) performs a whole-body assessment to pinpoint why your knee is still hurting. Often, we find issues like a stiff hip, a weak glute, or an old ankle injury that is putting extra strain on your knee. By identifying these root causes, we create a comprehensive plan – with shockwave therapy as a key component – to fix the dysfunctions contributing to your pain.
What a shockwave treatment involves: A typical shockwave therapy session at Unpain Clinic for knee pain lasts around 15-20 minutes as part of your appointment. We use both radial and focused shockwave devices (the clinic has multiple types of advanced machines) to target different tissue depths. For example, if you have an ACL strain, we may use focused shockwaves at the ligament insertion site to stimulate deep healing, and radial shockwaves on surrounding muscles (quads, hamstrings, calf) to relieve tension and improve blood flow around the joint. The treatment is delivered via a hand-held applicator that sends pulsating acoustic waves into the tissues – it feels like a rapid tapping sensation. Does it hurt? It can be a bit uncomfortable, especially over bony areas, but it’s generally well tolerated. We adjust the intensity to your comfort level. Patients often describe it as unusual but not intolerable (some compare it to a deep massage or a strong percussive therapy). After a session, your knee might feel sore in a good way (like muscles that had a workout) for a day, but this is normal. There’s no downtime – you can walk out and continue your day.
Treatment plan and frequency: Based on evidence and our clinical experience, we usually start with a series of weekly sessions. For an adult with chronic ligament pain, we might suggest, say, 5 sessions over 5 weeks, then reassess. Some cases require a few additional sessions, while others do well with as few as 3. We also incorporate shockwave therapy into a broader plan: for instance, combining it with specific exercises once pain is reduced. At Unpain, we often find that after a few shockwave treatments, patients can exercise with less pain and better mobility, which then helps solidify the improvements. Throughout the process, we track your progress – measuring pain levels, strength, and functional improvements (can you squat lower, run farther, etc.).
Whole-body healing: We pride ourselves on a holistic approach. Shockwave therapy is one of our favorite tools because it addresses the tissue healing piece that is often missing in stubborn cases. As Uran Berisha explains on the Unpain Clinic Podcast (“Eliminate the cause of your knee pain with True Shockwave therapy”, Episode #5), “Shockwave therapy is one of the most effective tools we use. This advanced treatment uses sound waves to regenerate soft tissue, improve blood flow, and stimulate the body’s natural healing response… unlike cortisone shots which only mask pain, shockwave therapy strengthens the knee and surrounding structures, helping you heal instead of just covering up the pain.” We also use shockwave to treat any scar tissue from past surgeries or injuries that might be contributing to your knee pain. For example, if you had ACL surgery years ago, you likely have scar tissue in the surgical incision and perhaps inside the joint; we can apply shockwave over those areas to soften and remodel the scar, which can relieve stiffness and improve muscle activation around the knee. Everything is done in a personalized manner – no two knees are the same, so we tailor the energy levels, locations, and number of pulses to what you specifically need.
Is shockwave the only thing in the plan? Not usually. While shockwave therapy is the star of the show, we complement it with other supportive therapies when appropriate (but always keeping it non-surgical and minimally invasive). For ACL/MCL issues, this often means after we use shockwave to reduce pain and trigger healing, we guide you through targeted strengthening (to rebuild muscle support) and manual therapy or stretching (to correct movement patterns). The difference is that, unlike a standard physio clinic, at Unpain Clinic you’ve got the extra “boost” of shockwave technology to get you over the hump of chronic pain. Many patients who come to us say, “I’ve tried everything, but this is the first time I actually feel the pain letting up.” We believe that’s because we address the why behind the pain, not just the symptoms. Shockwave therapy allows us to do that by addressing the lingering biological factors – helping your knee finally heal.
(Internal Resource: For a deeper dive, check out our blog post “Knee Osteoarthritis Relief: Evidence-Based Treatments That Help” on Unpain Clinic’s website, where we discuss how we use shockwave for knee arthritis and chronic pain, including a story of a patient named John who improved with weekly shockwave sessions.)
Let’s illustrate how this works with an example (a composite story based on real patient experiences, with details changed for privacy):
Meet Mark, 45, an avid skier and weekend soccer player. Three years ago, Mark tore his ACL and partially injured his MCL in a soccer game. He had ACL reconstruction surgery and went through the standard rehab protocol. Despite diligently doing physiotherapy for 6 months, he never felt quite right. His knee remained stiff and slightly swollen, and any aggressive activity caused a flare-up of pain. Fast-forward to now: Mark, age 45, finds that even hiking with his family causes his knee to ache for days. He’s frustrated—“I did all the exercises, why does my knee still hurt? I’m only in my forties!”
Mark came to Unpain Clinic for an assessment. We discovered that, along with residual knee inflammation, he had scar tissue from the surgery (both on the surface and internally around the ACL graft) and weakness in his right hip, causing extra load on the knee. We recommended a plan centered on shockwave therapy to address these issues. Mark underwent shockwave therapy for his ACL area and surrounding tissues once a week. In each session, we treated the knee joint (to stimulate healing in the ACL graft and MCL), the quadriceps tendon and patellar tendon (to relieve strain and improve his knee cap mobility), and even his hamstring insertions where there was residual soreness. The shockwave pulses were uncomfortable but tolerable – and over the weeks Mark actually began to enjoy the sensation as he knew it was “waking up” his knee.
After 3 sessions, Mark noticed he could go down stairs with less pain and his knee felt “looser” for a few days after each treatment. By session 5, he reported that he had played a light game of soccer with his kids and, amazingly, the knee held up with only mild soreness afterward (previously it would swell and hurt for a week if he tried that). We also worked on strengthening Mark’s gluteal muscles and improving his balance as the pain decreased. By the end of the shockwave course (6 sessions over 6 weeks), Mark’s knee pain had reduced by about 70%. He felt confident enough to plan a ski trip, using a knee brace just in case. On follow-up a month later, he said, “This is the best my knee has felt since before the injury. I’m not 18 again, but I can actually do my activities without paying for it for days.”
Why Mark succeeded: In Mark’s case, the shockwave therapy likely helped in several ways – it softened the scar tissue tethering his tissues, it stimulated a fresh wave of collagen and blood flow to strengthen the ligament graft and MCL, and it calmed down the persistent pain signals. This gave him a window to build muscle strength properly, which further offloaded the knee. His story is a great example of how an integrative plan that includes shockwave therapy can make a difference even if your injury is old (his surgery was years ago).
(This example is for illustration – individual results vary. Not everyone will have the same outcome, but it shows what improvement can look like.)
Whether you’re undergoing shockwave therapy or not, there are steps you can take at home to support your knee recovery. These tips are general and not a substitute for professional medical advice (always check with your provider for your specific case), but they can complement your treatment:
Stay Active, But Smart: Total rest can weaken your knee and surrounding muscles, but overdoing it can aggravate pain. Find a middle ground of gentle activity. For example, if running hurts, try low-impact cardio like cycling or swimming to keep your legs moving without pounding your joints. Keep your range of motion by doing easy bending and straightening exercises (e.g. sitting on a chair and slowly kicking your foot out straight, hold for a few seconds, repeat 10 times). Movement helps cartilage health and prevents stiffness.
Strengthen the Supporting Muscles: Focus on your hips, thighs, and core – they all support knee function. Simple exercises like wall sits (back against wall, slight squat), straight-leg raises (lying down, lifting leg), or side-lying leg lifts can maintain strength without heavy knee strain. Strong quadriceps and glutes reduce stress on the ACL and MCL by stabilizing the knee. Aim for pain-free ranges – it shouldn’t sharply hurt while doing these. If it does, back off and try a smaller motion. Consistency is more important than intensity; doing a little bit daily (as tolerated) can help more than sporadic intense workouts.
Flexibility and Tissue Care: Gentle stretching of the hamstrings, quadriceps, and calves can prevent excess tension on your knee. For instance, a relaxed hamstring stretch (seated, reaching toward your toes) can ease pull on the back of the knee. You can also perform self-massage on your thigh and calf muscles (or use a foam roller) to release tight spots – this is similar to what we address with shockwave, on a milder scale. Some patients also find relief by regularly massaging around scar tissue (once any incisions are long healed) to keep the tissue supple – though shockwave therapy will more effectively break up deep scar adhesions than your hands can.
Activity Modification: Make small changes in how you do things to reduce knee strain. For example, when going up stairs, lead with your stronger leg (up with the good), and when going down, lead with the recovering leg (down with the bad) – this old trick can help on painful days. When lifting objects or squatting, try to hinge at your hips (stick your butt back) instead of diving your knees forward, to engage your powerful glutes. Using hiking poles on walks, or a knee brace during higher-risk activities, can provide extra support. These aids aren’t crutches to rely on forever, but they can be very helpful while your knee is healing.
Listen to Your Knee: Pain is your guide. It’s normal to have some discomfort as you rebuild strength, but sharp pain or significant swelling means you should ease up. Ice your knee after activity if you notice swelling (20 minutes on, 20 off) to calm inflammation. Conversely, if your knee feels particularly stiff in the morning, a warm shower or gentle heat can loosen it (just avoid heat if the joint is very inflamed or swollen).
When to seek professional help: Know the red flags. If your knee locks (gets stuck) or frequently gives out (buckles) when you walk, or if it becomes very swollen (like a baseball) suddenly, you should get it checked by a healthcare provider. Also, if you develop fever or the knee becomes red and hot, seek medical attention to rule out infection. These situations go beyond a typical chronic injury flare-up. Otherwise, for nagging pain, a clinic like ours can assess whether advanced therapies (like shockwave therapy) might be appropriate to get you over the hump.
(Disclaimer: The above guidance is educational. Always consult your physiotherapist or doctor before starting new exercises or if you have a significant change in symptoms.)
Yes – performed by a trained professional, shockwave therapy is considered safe for chronic ligament injuries. Research has not found any serious long-term side effects when using shockwave on soft tissues like tendons or ligaments. The most common thing you might feel is temporary soreness or redness in the treated area for a day or two. During treatment, it can be uncomfortable, but we adjust intensity to your tolerance. However, there are a few situations where shockwave is not advised (for safety): we avoid treating over active infections, near tumors, or over blood clots. It’s also generally not used on pregnant patients over the womb area, or over growth plates in children. Your clinician will thoroughly screen you for any contraindications. For the typical adult with chronic knee pain, shockwave therapy has an excellent safety profile – especially compared to repeated steroid injections or surgeries.
The number of sessions can vary, but chronic knee injuries often require a series of treatments rather than just one. At Unpain Clinic, we commonly start with about 3–6 sessions (done once per week) for ACL/MCL related pain. Some patients experience notable relief after just 1–2 sessions, but lasting improvement (tissue healing and functional gains) usually builds up over multiple treatments. For example, studies on knee osteoarthritis and post-ACL surgery patients have used protocols ranging from 3 sessions up to 8–10 sessions, and observed the best outcomes after the full course. We will tailor the plan to you: if you’re improving steadily by session 3, we might do fewer; if your case is more complex, you might benefit from a couple extra. The good news is that because shockwave’s effects are cumulative (each session stimulates more healing), many people continue to feel additional improvement even a month or two after the last session as the body completes the healing process.
It can cause some discomfort, but most people handle it well. During the treatment, you’ll feel rapid percussion or tapping sensations on your knee. Areas over bone or scar tissue can feel achy or even sharply tender for a moment. We often describe it as “a bit uncomfortable, like a deep tissue massage” – the kind that “hurts but in a good way.” The therapist will communicate with you and can adjust the intensity. For instance, we might start at a lower power and increase as you get used to it. Patients often find the first minute is the most intense, and then the area starts to numb a little and it feels easier. After a session, it’s normal to be a bit sore or to have a slight throbbing in the area for a few hours, similar to how you’d feel after a vigorous workout. This is just a sign that your body’s healing response is activated. Over-the-counter pain relievers can be used if needed, but many people don’t find it necessary. Importantly, there’s no incision, no needles, and no anesthesia – so compared to surgical pain or injection pain, shockwave is minor. In fact, many of our patients say, “It’s worth it, because I know it’s helping.” And when they start to feel the results, the temporary discomfort is quickly forgotten.
Absolutely, it might. Shockwave therapy can be beneficial even long after an ACL reconstruction or old MCL injury. Chronic knee pain years after surgery often involves factors like scar tissue, muscle deactivation, or early arthritis changes. Shockwave can still address these issues. For example, we often treat patients 5, 10, even 15 years post-ACL surgery who have pain or stiffness. The shockwave pulses can break up residual scar tissue and adhesions from the surgery, improving joint mobility. They also stimulate blood flow in the area, which can help nourish the cartilage and ligaments that might have degenerated over time. Even if your ACL graft healed, the surrounding muscles and tissues might not have fully recovered their function – shockwave can help “reboot” those areas by reducing pain inhibition. There’s even evidence that shockwave applied after total knee replacement (a surgery often done decades after ACL injuries) can improve post-surgical pain and flexibility by helping muscles recover and softening scar tissue. So, if your knee pain has stuck around for years after your injury or surgery, shockwave therapy is definitely worth considering as a non-surgical option to potentially improve your knee function.
While shockwave therapy is safe for most people, there are a few groups who should avoid it or need special consideration. If you have a blood clotting disorder (or are on strong blood thinners), uncontrolled high blood pressure, or have a pacemaker, we need to evaluate the risks and possibly avoid certain types of shockwave or locations. Shockwave is not applied over areas of active cancer or infection, as it could in theory disturb those tissues. It’s also not used over open growth plates (so not for children/adolescents on those spots). Pregnant women can generally receive shockwave for musculoskeletal pain, but we avoid treating directly over the low back, pelvis, or abdomen during pregnancy out of caution. If you have acute inflammation (a very new injury that’s still in the bleeding phase) we might delay shockwave until it’s more subacute, since shockwave is typically used for chronic conditions or injuries beyond the initial healing phase. At Unpain Clinic, your therapist will take a full history and ensure it’s safe for you. Most people with chronic knee pain from ACL/MCL injuries do qualify and tolerate it well. If for some reason shockwave isn’t appropriate, don’t worry – there are other treatments we can explore, but we’ll guide you on that.
Coverage can depend on your insurance plan and where you live. Shockwave therapy is still considered a newer or specialized treatment by many insurers. Some extended health benefit plans (for example, in Canada) may cover it under physiotherapy or chiropractic services if it’s performed by a licensed provider as part of a treatment session. However, the shockwave device fee itself might be an out-of-pocket expense in some clinics, or there may be an extra charge per session. It’s best to check with both your clinic and your insurance provider. At Unpain Clinic, we provide detailed receipts with the therapist’s credentials and treatment codes, so you can submit to your insurance—many of our patients do get reimbursement for a portion of the visit. Keep in mind that even if not covered, shockwave therapy is generally a short-term treatment (e.g. a few sessions) and can be more cost-effective in the long run if it helps you avoid more invasive procedures. Always ask us and we’ll help clarify the fees and what your options are. And remember, no matter what, we don’t push long-term treatment plans or upsells – our goal is to get you better as efficiently as possible.
Living with chronic ACL or MCL pain can be incredibly frustrating – these ligament injuries often leave a legacy of discomfort long after the initial tear. The key to breaking the cycle is to address why the pain is persisting. It might be unhealed tissue, scar tissue, or biomechanical imbalances putting strain on your knee. Shockwave therapy is an innovative, evidence-backed approach that can jump-start your body’s natural healing in those stubborn areas. By improving blood flow, stimulating tissue regeneration, and reducing pain signaling, shockwave therapy offers a non-surgical solution for many active adults in their 40s and beyond who are still dealing with knee pain 3+ months after an injury. It’s not that rehab was “wrong” – rather, sometimes your body needs an extra boost to finish the healing process that conventional rehab started. Shockwave therapy may be that missing piece, especially if you’re the type of person who wants to avoid more injections or another surgery.
At Unpain Clinic, we’ve seen how effective this modality can be for chronic knee pain sufferers. If you’re someone who has “tried everything” for your ACL or MCL injury and are about to lose hope, don’t give up. There is a science-supported reason why shockwave therapy for ACL injuries and MCL sprains is gaining traction: it works for many people by treating the root causes of pain, not just the symptoms. The best candidates are those with chronic (longer than 3 months) knee issues, especially post-surgery pain or old sprains in active individuals who want to get back to moving. If that sounds like you, it may be time to consider shockwave therapy as the next step in your recovery journey. It could be the treatment that finally helps your knee heal, where rehab alone did not. We’re here to help you every step of the way – from a thorough assessment to pinpoint the causes, through cutting-edge treatment, to guidance on keeping your knees healthy for the long haul.
Remember, every injury – and every person – is unique. Results can vary, and it’s important to have a personalized evaluation. But one thing is certain: you shouldn’t have to live with chronic knee pain without exploring all your options. Shockwave therapy just might be the thing that gets you back to the life you love, with a strong and pain-free knee.
(Ready to take the next step? We invite you to reach out for an assessment. Our team is passionate about helping people like you find relief when nothing else has worked.)
Book Your Initial Assessment NowAt Unpain Clinic, we don’t just ask “Where does it hurt?” — we uncover “Why does it hurt?”
If you’ve been frustrated by the cycle of “try everything, feel nothing,” this assessment is for you. We take a whole-body approach so you leave with clarity, not more questions.
What’s Included
Comprehensive history & goal setting
Orthopedic & muscle testing (head-to-toe)
Motion analysis
Imaging decisions (if needed)
Pain pattern mapping
Personalized treatment roadmap
Benefit guidance
Important Details
60 minutes, assessment only
No treatment in this visit
Who You’ll See
A licensed Registered Physiotherapist or Chiropractor
What Happens Next
If you’re a fit, we schedule your first treatment and start executing your plan.
Why Choose Unpain Clinic
Whole-body assessment, not symptom-chasing
Root-cause focus, not temporary relief
Non-invasive where possible
No long-term upsells — just honest, effective care
Outcome
You’ll walk out knowing:
What’s wrong
Why it hurts
The fastest path to fix it
Author: Uran Berisha, BSc PT, RMT, Shockwave Expert
1. Lohmander LS, et al. (2007). The long-term consequence of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus injuries: osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med, 35(10), 1756-1769. DOI: 10.1177/0363546507307396 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2. Wang T-S, et al. (2020). Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Chronic Knee Pain: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial. Altern Ther Health Med, 26(2), 34-37. PMID: 31221934 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
3. Weninger P, et al. (2023). Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Improves Outcome after Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction with Hamstring Tendons. J Clin Med, 12(10): 3350. DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103350 mdpi.commdpi.com
4. Tognolo L, et al. (2022). Treatment of Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Knee with Focused Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy: A Case Report. Appl Sci, 12(1): 234. DOI: 10.3390/app12010234 mdpi.commdpi.com
5. Unpain Clinic Podcast – Episode #5 (2025): “Eliminate the cause of your knee pain with True Shockwave Therapy”, hosted by Uran Berisha. Unpain Clinic (Edmonton, AB). unpainclinic.comunpainclinic.com
6. Unpain Clinic Blog (2025): “Knee Osteoarthritis Relief in Canada: Evidence-Based Treatments That Help” – Section on Shockwave Therapy for Knee OA. Unpain Clinic website. unpainclinic.comunpainclinic.com
7. Unpain Clinic – Shockwave Therapy Edmonton (Web Page): Overview of Shockwave Therapy and FAQs. Unpain Clinic website. unpainclinic.comunpainclinic.com
